Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease, also known as celiac disease, is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine primarily. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, is responsible for triggering the condition. When individuals with coeliac disease consume gluten, their immune system attacks the small intestine lining, causing damage and inflammation. This can result in a broad spectrum of symptoms and complications.

Symptoms

The symptoms of coeliac disease are highly variable and can affect individuals of any age. Typical symptoms include digestive issues such as chronic diarrhea, abdominal distention, malabsorption, and appetite loss. Failure to grow normally may also be present in children. Non-classic symptoms are more prevalent, particularly among individuals older than two years. There may be mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms, a wide variety of symptoms affecting any part of the body, or none at all.

Complications

Coeliac disease can lead to a variety of complications, including malnutrition, osteoporosis, anemia, infertility, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer, especially lymphoma, if left untreated.

Diagnosis

Coeliac disease is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and a small intestine biopsy. Blood tests can detect certain antibodies produced in response to gluten. If the blood tests are positive, a small intestine biopsy is typically advised to confirm the diagnosis. During the biopsy, a small tissue sample is extracted from the lining of the small intestine and examined for signs of damage.

Treatment

A strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment for coeliac disease that is effective. This means avoiding all gluten-containing foods and beverages, including bread, pasta, cereals, and the majority of processed foods. Cross-contamination, which can occur when gluten-free foods come into contact with gluten-containing foods, utensils, or surfaces, must also be avoided by those with coeliac disease.

In the majority of cases, adhering to a gluten-free diet can result in the elimination of all symptoms and complications. Gluten is present in a wide variety of foods and products, making it difficult to adhere to a strict gluten-free diet.

Associated disorders

Coeliac disease is associated with a number of other autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Up to 10% of individuals with Type 1 diabetes may also have coeliac disease, and up to 5% of individuals with coeliac disease may also have Type 1 diabetes.

Summary

Coeliac disease is a prevalent autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine primarily. It is triggered by gluten consumption and can result in a variety of symptoms and complications. The only effective treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which can be difficult to adhere to but can result in a complete resolution of symptoms and complications. Individuals with coeliac disease should collaborate closely with their physician to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Coeliac disease Resources
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