Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and usually fatal infection of the brain caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri. This parasite is typically found in warm freshwater environments, such as hot springs, lakes, and hot tubs.

Epidemiology

PAM is extremely rare, with only a few hundred cases reported worldwide since its discovery in the 1960s. The majority of cases have occurred in the United States, particularly in southern states with warm climates. However, cases have also been reported in other countries, including Australia, Brazil, and the Czech Republic.

Transmission

Naegleria fowleri is typically found in warm freshwater environments. Humans can become infected when water containing the amoeba enters the nose, typically during activities such as swimming or diving. The amoeba then travels up the olfactory nerve to the brain, where it causes PAM.

Symptoms

The initial symptoms of PAM are similar to those of bacterial meningitis, and can include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. As the disease progresses, symptoms can become more severe and can include stiff neck, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PAM is typically made by examining cerebrospinal fluid under a microscope, where the amoeba can be seen. However, because the disease is so rare and its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions, it is often not diagnosed until after death.

Treatment

While several drugs have been used to treat PAM, the disease is usually fatal, with a survival rate of less than 5%. Early detection and treatment are critical for improving survival chances.

Prevention

Prevention of PAM involves avoiding activities in warm freshwater environments, or using nose clips to prevent water from entering the nose.

See also

• Naegleria
• Meningitis
• Parasitic diseases