Bacterial meningitis

Bacterial Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by various types of bacteria, which can reach the brain and spinal cord via the bloodstream or by direct contact.

Causes

The most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Other bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can also cause meningitis, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Symptoms

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis include sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light (photophobia), and altered mental status.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is typically made by analyzing cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. The fluid is examined for signs of infection, such as increased white blood cell count, elevated protein levels, and decreased glucose levels.

Treatment

Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment with antibiotics. The specific antibiotic used depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection. In addition to antibiotics, supportive care such as pain management, fever reduction, and hydration is often necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of bacterial meningitis is possible through vaccination. Vaccines are available for many of the bacteria that cause meningitis, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

See also

• Viral meningitis
• Fungal meningitis
• Tuberculous meningitis
• Meningococcal disease