Athetosis

Medical diseases of infancy and childhood (1900) (14580019148)

Athetosis is a condition characterized by continuous, involuntary, slow, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet, and in some cases, arms, legs, neck, and tongue. The movements often interfere with speaking, feeding, reaching, grasping, and other voluntary movements. Athetosis is considered a type of dyskinesia, which refers to involuntary muscle movements, and is often associated with various forms of cerebral palsy, particularly those that involve motor function impairments. It can also occur as a result of damage to the brain or nervous system, including damage to the basal ganglia, a group of structures in the brain that help regulate movement.

Causes

Athetosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including complications during pregnancy or birth, genetic disorders, infections that affect the brain, and brain injury. The condition is often associated with damage to the basal ganglia, which play a crucial role in movement control. Conditions such as Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease, and certain types of cerebral palsy are known to cause athetosis.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of athetosis is the presence of involuntary, continuous, slow, writhing movements that can affect any part of the body but are most commonly seen in the extremities. These movements can interfere with daily activities, such as writing, eating, and walking. In some cases, athetosis can be accompanied by other types of involuntary movements, such as dystonia (sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements) or chorea (sudden, rapid, jerky movements).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of athetosis involves a thorough medical history and physical examination. Neurological exams and imaging tests, such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or CT scan (Computed Tomography), may be used to assess brain damage and help identify the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, genetic testing may be recommended if a hereditary disorder is suspected.

Treatment

There is no cure for athetosis, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options may include medications to reduce involuntary movements, such as anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, and drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can also be beneficial in helping individuals improve motor skills and communication abilities. In severe cases, surgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), may be considered.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with athetosis varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. While treatment can help manage symptoms, athetosis can significantly impact an individual's ability to perform daily activities and maintain independence. Early intervention and a multidisciplinary approach to care can improve outcomes and help individuals lead more productive lives.