Radial head fracture

Radial Head Fracture

A radial head fracture is a type of bone fracture affecting the proximal end of the radius bone at the elbow. This injury is common and can result from a fall onto an outstretched hand, direct impact to the elbow, or a twisting injury. The radial head plays a crucial role in the elbow's movement and stability, making its fracture a significant concern that can affect arm mobility and function.

Classification

Radial head fractures are classified according to the Mason Classification, which is based on the extent of the fracture and displacement:

• Type I: Non-displaced fractures
• Type II: Displaced fractures with a single fragment
• Type III: Comminuted fractures involving the entire radial head
• Type IV: Fractures involving the radial head and dislocation of the elbow

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a radial head fracture include:

• Pain and tenderness around the elbow
• Swelling in the elbow region
• Difficulty in bending or straightening the elbow
• Reduced ability to rotate the forearm (such as turning the palm up or down)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a radial head fracture typically involves a physical examination and imaging tests. The most commonly used imaging test is an X-ray to visualize the fracture. In some cases, a Computed Tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be recommended to assess the injury's complexity and involvement of surrounding structures.

Treatment

The treatment of radial head fractures depends on the type of fracture:

• Type I: Usually treated with a sling for comfort, followed by early motion exercises to prevent stiffness.
• Type II: May require surgery if the fragment is displaced significantly. Otherwise, treatment is similar to Type I.
• Type III: Often requires surgical intervention to repair or replace the radial head.
• Type IV: Treatment involves addressing both the fracture and the dislocation, typically through surgery.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation plays a vital role in the recovery from a radial head fracture. The goals are to restore elbow and forearm function and prevent stiffness. Physical therapy may include exercises to improve motion, strength, and flexibility. The duration of rehabilitation varies depending on the severity of the fracture and the treatment method.

Complications

Complications from radial head fractures can include:

• Elbow stiffness
• Nerve injury
• Nonunion or malunion of the fracture
• Development of osteoarthritis in the elbow

Prevention

Preventing radial head fractures involves minimizing the risk of falls and injuries. This can include using protective gear during sports, improving home safety to reduce fall risks, and strengthening exercises for the upper body to improve stability and bone health.

See Also

• Elbow dislocation
• Osteoarthritis
• Bone fracture
• Physical therapy