Russula

Russulamexicana

Russula flavida Veracruz

Hypomyces lactifluorum Oaxaca

Russula chloroides

Russula is a large genus of mushrooms, belonging to the Russulaceae family. The name Russula has been derived from the Latin term russus, meaning red, which is a common color found among species within this genus, although their color can range widely. Russula mushrooms are known for their distinctive features, including their brittle gills, which are a result of the presence of spherical cells called sphaerocysts at the gill edges, and a wide variety of cap colors.

Identification

Identifying Russula species can be challenging due to the large number of species and their variable characteristics. Key features for identification include the color and shape of the cap, the color of the gills, the presence or absence of a ring on the stem, and the mushroom's taste, which can range from mild to very hot. The spore print color, which can be obtained by leaving the cap on a piece of paper for a period, is also a crucial identification feature, typically being white or cream in Russula species.

Ecology

Russula mushrooms are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic relationships with the roots of various tree species, including both hardwoods and conifers. This relationship is beneficial to both the trees and the mushrooms, as the fungi help the trees absorb water and nutrients from the soil, while the trees provide the fungi with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis. Russula species are found in a variety of habitats, from woodlands to heathlands, and are more prevalent during the summer and autumn months.

Edibility

The edibility of Russula species varies widely, with some being edible and sought after for their flavor, while others are inedible or even poisonous. The Russula emetica group, for example, contains several species that can cause gastrointestinal distress if consumed. Therefore, careful identification is crucial before any Russula mushroom is consumed. Some of the edible species are highly regarded by mushroom foragers, such as Russula vesca, Russula cyanoxantha (the Charcoal Burner), and Russula xerampelina (the Shrimp Russula).

Species

There are several hundred species of Russula, making it one of the largest genera of mushrooms. Some of the more notable species include:

• Russula emetica – Known as the Sickener, this species is recognizable by its bright red cap and is known for its emetic properties.
• Russula virescens – Known for its green, cracked cap surface.
• Russula cyanoxantha – The Charcoal Burner, appreciated for its edible qualities and distinctive appearance.
• Russula xerampelina – The Shrimp Russula, noted for its seafood-like aroma and edible status.

Conservation

The conservation status of Russula species varies. While many species are common and not of conservation concern, habitat destruction and pollution can threaten certain species. Conservation efforts are important to preserve the diverse ecosystems where Russula and other mushrooms play critical roles.

Gallery

Russula species exhibit a wide range of colors and forms, making them a fascinating subject for photography and study. However, as per the given constraints, images cannot be displayed here.

See Also

• Mycorrhiza
• Mushroom hunting
• Mushroom poisoning