SOB

Shortness of Breath (SOB)

Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort. It is a common symptom that can be caused by a wide range of medical conditions, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and anxiety disorders.

Causes

Shortness of breath can be caused by various factors, including but not limited to:

• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary embolism
• Heart failure
• Myocardial infarction
• Anemia
• Anxiety
• Obesity

Pathophysiology

The sensation of shortness of breath arises from complex interactions between the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. It can be triggered by increased work of breathing, impaired gas exchange, or abnormal respiratory mechanics.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of shortness of breath involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Common diagnostic tests include:

• Chest X-ray
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Pulmonary function test
• Blood tests
• Echocardiogram
• CT scan

Management

The management of shortness of breath depends on the underlying cause. Treatment options may include:

• Bronchodilators for asthma or COPD
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Diuretics for heart failure
• Anticoagulants for pulmonary embolism
• Oxygen therapy
• Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-related dyspnea

Prognosis

The prognosis of shortness of breath varies widely depending on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of the treatment. Chronic conditions like COPD and heart failure may require long-term management, while acute conditions like pneumonia may resolve with appropriate treatment.

See also

• Respiratory system
• Cardiovascular system
• Pulmonary rehabilitation
• Dyspnea scale