Sarcoma, granulocytic
Granulocytic Sarcoma
Granulocytic sarcoma, also known as chloroma, is a rare extramedullary tumor composed of immature myeloid cells. It is associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other myeloproliferative disorders. This condition is characterized by the formation of solid masses of leukemic cells outside the bone marrow.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Granulocytic sarcoma occurs when myeloid blasts infiltrate extramedullary tissues, forming a solid tumor. These tumors can occur in any part of the body but are most commonly found in the skin, lymph nodes, bones, and soft tissues. The greenish hue of the tumor, which gives rise to the name "chloroma," is due to the presence of myeloperoxidase, an enzyme found in myeloid cells.
Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Patients with granulocytic sarcoma may present with a variety of symptoms depending on the location of the tumor. Common symptoms include:
- Localized pain or swelling
- Neurological deficits if the tumor is located in the central nervous system
- Skin lesions if the tumor is cutaneous
Granulocytic sarcoma can precede, coincide with, or follow the diagnosis of AML. In some cases, it may be the first indication of leukemia.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma is confirmed through histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Biopsy of the tumor reveals a dense infiltrate of immature myeloid cells. Immunohistochemical staining is positive for myeloid markers such as CD68, myeloperoxidase, and CD117.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
The treatment of granulocytic sarcoma involves systemic chemotherapy, similar to the treatment for AML. Radiation therapy may be used for localized control of the tumor, especially if it is causing significant symptoms or is located in a critical area. The prognosis depends on the underlying hematological disorder and the response to treatment.
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
The prognosis of granulocytic sarcoma is generally poor, as it is often associated with aggressive forms of leukemia. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
