Sarcoptidae

Sarcoptes scabei 2

Sarcoptidae is a family of skin-parasitic mites belonging to the order Acariformes. These mites are responsible for causing scabies in humans and mange in various other mammals. The most well-known species within this family is Sarcoptes scabiei, the causative agent of scabies in humans. Sarcoptidae mites are microscopic, obligate parasites, meaning they cannot complete their life cycle without a host. They burrow into the skin, causing intense itching and inflammation due to an allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs, and their waste products.

Characteristics

Members of the Sarcoptidae family are characterized by their round, convex bodies and short legs, which are adapted for burrowing into the skin of their hosts. They possess mouthparts designed for feeding on host tissue. The females lay eggs in the burrows they create in the skin, from which larvae hatch and eventually mature into adults, continuing the cycle of infestation.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Sarcoptidae mites involves several stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. After mating on the surface of the skin, the female mite burrows into the skin to lay eggs, initiating the cycle. The eggs hatch into larvae, which then molt into nymphs. After undergoing several molts, the nymphs mature into adults. The entire life cycle can be completed in about two to three weeks under optimal conditions.

Disease Transmission

Sarcoptidae mites are primarily transmitted through prolonged direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested individual. Transmission can also occur through contact with contaminated items such as clothing, bedding, or furniture, although this is less common. Scabies infestations are found worldwide and affect people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic statuses.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of scabies is often based on the presence of characteristic burrows, the distribution of the rash, and the associated itching, which tends to be more severe at night. Confirmation can be achieved by microscopic examination of skin scrapings, where mites, eggs, or fecal matter can be identified. Treatment typically involves the application of topical acaricides, such as permethrin or ivermectin, to all skin surfaces. It is also recommended to treat close contacts and to wash clothing and bedding in hot water to prevent re-infestation.

Prevention

Prevention of scabies involves avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person and their belongings. Regular washing of clothing, bedding, and towels in hot water and drying them in a hot dryer can help eliminate mites. In settings where scabies is common, such as healthcare facilities, prompt identification and treatment of infested individuals, along with appropriate infection control measures, are crucial to prevent outbreaks.