Schools of Buddhism

Buddhika Sanjeewa - WFB - The World Fellowship of Buddhists 27th General Conference at Baoji, Beijing, China. - 03

Buddhism percent population in each nation World Map Buddhist data by Pew Research

SectarianBuddhistschools

Tipitaka2

Nagardjuna

Indian Adept (siddha) - (multiple figures)18th century Boston MFA

Schools of Buddhism refer to the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism that have existed from ancient times up to the present. The development of Buddhist schools is closely related to the historical and cultural context in which Buddhism spread. These schools differ in their interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha, their scriptural foundations, practices, rituals, and philosophical outlooks. This article provides an overview of the major schools of Buddhism, their characteristics, and their historical development.

Theravāda Buddhism

Theravāda Buddhism is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, traditionally practiced in countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. It claims to adhere most closely to the original teachings and practices of the Buddha, emphasizing the Pāli Canon as its principal scripture. Theravāda focuses on the monastic life and the practice of Vipassanā (insight meditation) as the path to Nirvana. It is characterized by a conservative approach to doctrine and monastic discipline.

Mahāyāna Buddhism

Mahāyāna Buddhism emerged in the first century CE as a more liberal and accessible interpretation of Buddhism. It introduces the concept of the Bodhisattva—a being who seeks Buddhahood not only for personal enlightenment but also for the salvation of all sentient beings. Mahāyāna scriptures include the Sutras and Tantras, with the Heart Sutra and the Lotus Sutra among its most revered texts. This school is predominant in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, and it encompasses various sub-schools, such as Zen (Chan), Pure Land, and Tiantai.

Vajrayāna Buddhism

Vajrayāna Buddhism, also known as Tantric Buddhism, developed around the 7th century CE in India. It is considered by its adherents as the fastest and most powerful means to achieve Buddhahood. Vajrayāna incorporates complex rituals, mantras, mudras, and mandalas, emphasizing the guru-disciple relationship. Its practice is mainly found in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and parts of Nepal and India. Key texts include the Tibetan Book of the Dead and various tantras.

Comparison and Interaction

The interaction between these schools is complex, involving both doctrinal disagreements and mutual influence. While Theravāda is sometimes seen as more conservative, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna are viewed as more expansive in their interpretation of the Buddha's teachings. However, all schools share the core teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

Historical Development

The historical development of these schools is marked by the spread of Buddhism beyond India. As Buddhism encountered different cultures, it adapted and integrated local beliefs and practices, leading to the rich diversity of expressions found today. The establishment of these schools was also influenced by historical events, such as the support of Buddhism by various rulers and the impact of colonialism in Asia.

Modern Perspectives

In the modern era, there has been a movement towards ecumenism within Buddhism, with practitioners and scholars from different schools engaging in dialogue and cooperation. The global spread of Buddhism has also led to the establishment of these schools in the West, where they adapt to new cultural contexts while maintaining their distinct identities.