Skin breakdown

Skin Breakdown

Skin breakdown, also known as pressure ulcer, pressure sore, bedsore, or decubitus ulcer, is a condition where the skin and the underlying tissue are damaged due to prolonged pressure on the skin. This condition is common among individuals who are bedridden, use a wheelchair, or are unable to change their position frequently. Skin breakdown can occur in any area of the body that is subjected to constant pressure, but it is most commonly seen on the skin overlying the sacrum, coccyx, heels, and hips.

Causes

The primary cause of skin breakdown is prolonged pressure on the skin, which reduces blood flow to the area. Without adequate blood flow, the skin and nearby tissues are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, leading to tissue damage and necrosis. Other factors that can contribute to skin breakdown include:

• Friction: When the skin rubs against clothing or bedding, it can become more susceptible to damage.
• Shear: Shear occurs when the skin moves in one direction and the underlying bone moves in another, stretching and tearing the skin and blood vessels.
• Moisture: Excessive moisture from sweat, urine, or feces can weaken the skin, making it more prone to breakdown.
• Malnutrition and dehydration: Proper nutrition and hydration are essential for maintaining healthy skin.

Symptoms

Symptoms of skin breakdown include:

• Redness or discoloration on the skin
• Swelling
• Tenderness or pain in the affected area
• Open sores or blisters
• Hardened or calloused skin around the affected area

Prevention

Preventing skin breakdown is crucial, especially for individuals at high risk. Some preventive measures include:

• Regularly changing positions to relieve pressure on the skin
• Using support surfaces such as special mattresses or cushions
• Keeping the skin clean and dry
• Maintaining good nutrition and hydration
• Using barrier creams to protect the skin from moisture

Treatment

Treatment for skin breakdown depends on the severity of the condition but may include:

• Cleaning the wound with saline or other gentle solutions
• Applying dressings that promote healing and protect the wound from infection
• Removing dead tissue from the wound (debridement)
• Managing pain associated with the wound
• Implementing measures to relieve pressure on the affected area

Complications

If left untreated, skin breakdown can lead to serious complications, including infection, sepsis, and chronic wounds. It is therefore important to address the condition promptly and effectively.