Stomach ulcers

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. They are a type of peptic ulcer disease which also includes ulcers in the small intestine known as duodenal ulcers. Stomach ulcers are a significant health concern due to their potential complications, including bleeding, perforation, and gastric obstruction.

Causes

The primary causes of stomach ulcers are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin. Other contributing factors can include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and the use of certain other medications like steroids.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of stomach ulcers include:

• Gastric pain: A burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach that may improve or worsen with eating.
• Nausea
• Vomiting: Sometimes vomiting blood, which may appear red or black.
• Weight loss
• Bloating
• Heartburn

In severe cases, symptoms can include hematemesis (vomiting blood) or melena (black, tarry stools), indicating bleeding.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of stomach ulcers typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include:

• Endoscopy: A procedure where a long, thin tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to observe the stomach and small intestine.
• Barium swallow: A type of X-ray imaging that helps to visualize the digestive tract.
• Tests for H. pylori infection, which may include blood, breath, stool, or tissue tests.

Treatment

Treatment for stomach ulcers depends on the cause. Common treatments include:

• Antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infection.
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2-receptor antagonists to reduce stomach acid production.
• Antacids and protectants to help protect the stomach lining and allow the ulcer to heal.
• Avoiding NSAIDs and other ulcer-causing medications when possible.

Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake, can also help in the management and prevention of stomach ulcers.

Prevention

Preventive measures for stomach ulcers include:

• Limiting the use of NSAIDs and seeking alternatives for pain management.
• Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption.
• Quitting smoking.
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques and exercise.

Complications

If left untreated, stomach ulcers can lead to serious complications such as:

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Perforation of the stomach wall, leading to peritonitis.
• Gastric obstruction due to swelling or scarring.

See Also

• Peptic ulcer disease
• Helicobacter pylori
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• Gastrointestinal bleeding