Suprofen

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

• Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.

• Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.

• Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.

• Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

• Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.

• Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

• Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Biopharmaceutical
• Immunotherapy
• Hybridoma technology

Suprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that was used primarily for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a member of the propionic acid class of NSAIDs, which also includes drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen.

Chemical Structure

Chemical structure of Suprofen

Suprofen is chemically known as (±)-2-(4-(2-thienylcarbonyl)phenyl)propionic acid. It features a thiophene ring, which is a sulfur-containing heterocycle, attached to a phenyl group, which is further connected to a propionic acid moiety.

Mechanism of Action

Suprofen works by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are compounds that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever. By reducing the production of prostaglandins, suprofen alleviates symptoms of inflammation and pain.

Uses

Suprofen was primarily used for the relief of mild to moderate pain and inflammation. It was also used in ophthalmic formulations to prevent intraoperative miosis during cataract surgery.

Side Effects

Like other NSAIDs, suprofen can cause a range of side effects, including gastrointestinal issues such as gastritis, ulceration, and bleeding. It may also cause renal impairment and hypersensitivity reactions.

Withdrawal

Suprofen was withdrawn from the market due to concerns over its potential to cause nephrotoxicity, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions.

Related pages

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
• Cyclooxygenase