Surface-supplied diving equipment

Surface-supplied diving equipment is a type of diving equipment that supplies divers with breathing gas using a diver's umbilical from the surface, rather than using a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA). The umbilical is a hose or set of hoses which also carry communications and other services, and may also be used to tether the diver to the control point.

History[edit | edit source]

The concept of surface-supplied diving equipment originated in the 19th century, during the early days of underwater diving. The first successful equipment was developed by brothers Charles and John Deane in the 1820s. Their "smoke helmet" was originally designed for fighting fires but was later adapted for underwater use.

Components[edit | edit source]

Surface-supplied diving equipment typically consists of four main components:

Diver's umbilical: This is the diver's lifeline, supplying breathing gas, communications, and other services. It is typically made up of a gas supply hose, a communications cable, and a strength member.

Breathing gas supply: This is usually provided by high-pressure cylinders on the surface, which are connected to the diver's umbilical. The gas is typically air, but other gases such as heliox or trimix may be used for deep dives.

Diving helmet or full-face diving mask: This provides the diver with an air space in front of the eyes and nose, and contains a demand valve or constant flow valve to supply breathing gas.

Diving suit: This protects the diver from the cold and other environmental hazards. It may be a wet suit, dry suit, or hot water suit, depending on the conditions.

Safety and Regulation[edit | edit source]

The use of surface-supplied diving equipment is regulated by various national and international standards, such as those set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA). These standards cover aspects such as equipment design, maintenance, and diver training.