Tonic-clonic seizures

Tonic-clonic seizures are a type of seizure that involves both tonic (muscle stiffening) and clonic (rhythmical jerking) phases. They were previously known as grand mal seizures.

Symptoms

The symptoms of tonic-clonic seizures can be divided into two phases:

1. Tonic phase: This phase usually lasts a few seconds. The person may cry out, lose consciousness and fall to the ground, and may have muscle contractions. The person may turn blue due to lack of oxygen.
2. Clonic phase: This phase follows the tonic phase. The person's muscles will start to contract and relax, causing convulsions. These may last for several minutes.

Other symptoms may include urinary incontinence, salivation, and tongue biting.

Causes

Tonic-clonic seizures can be caused by various conditions, including:

• Epilepsy
• Brain tumor
• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury
• Drug abuse
• Alcohol withdrawal

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of tonic-clonic seizures usually involves a detailed medical history and a neurological examination. Tests may include:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computed tomography (CT) scan

Treatment

Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures usually involves medication. The type of medication will depend on the cause of the seizures. In some cases, surgery may be required.

See also

• Absence seizure
• Myoclonic seizure
• Status epilepticus

References

Tonic-clonic seizures Resources
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