Trace amine

Trace amine is a term used to describe a group of amines that are found in the body in trace amounts, typically less than 1% of total amines. These amines are derived from amino acids and are involved in a variety of physiological functions.

Overview

Trace amines are structurally similar to the classical neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. They are synthesized in the body from amino acids by the action of enzymes known as decarboxylases.

The most well-known trace amines include phenethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine. These amines are found in various foods and are also produced in the body. They are metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks down excess amines in the body.

Function

Trace amines are thought to play a role in a variety of physiological functions. They are involved in the regulation of neurotransmission, neuroendocrine function, and immune response. They also play a role in the regulation of mood and behavior.

In the brain, trace amines act as neuromodulators, influencing the activity of other neurotransmitters. They bind to a specific type of receptor known as the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR), which is found in various regions of the brain.

Clinical significance

Abnormal levels of trace amines have been associated with a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease, and migraine.

In addition, certain foods high in trace amines, such as cheese and wine, can trigger hypertensive crisis in individuals taking MAO inhibitors, a type of antidepressant medication. This is known as the "cheese effect."

See also

• Amine
• Neurotransmitter
• Monoamine oxidase