Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. This enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of purines, which are compounds that are important for the production of DNA and RNA.

Mechanism of Action

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors work by binding to the active site of the xanthine oxidase enzyme, preventing it from converting hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid. This results in a decrease in the production of uric acid, which can be beneficial in the treatment of conditions such as gout and hyperuricemia.

Uses

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are primarily used in the treatment of gout, a condition characterized by the overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid, leading to the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints and tissues. By reducing the production of uric acid, these drugs can help to prevent the formation of these crystals, reducing the symptoms of gout.

In addition to gout, xanthine oxidase inhibitors may also be used in the treatment of hyperuricemia, a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of uric acid in the blood. Hyperuricemia can lead to a number of health problems, including kidney stones and kidney disease.

Examples

Examples of xanthine oxidase inhibitors include allopurinol and febuxostat. Allopurinol is the most commonly used xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and is typically the first-line treatment for gout and hyperuricemia. Febuxostat is a newer drug that may be used in patients who are unable to tolerate allopurinol.

Side Effects

Like all drugs, xanthine oxidase inhibitors can cause side effects. These may include nausea, diarrhea, and rash. In rare cases, these drugs can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.