Xanthochromia

Xanthochromia

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Xanthochromia in cerebrospinal fluid

Xanthochromia is a term used in medicine to describe the yellowish discoloration of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to the presence of bilirubin. This condition is often associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is an important diagnostic indicator in the evaluation of patients with suspected intracranial bleeding.

Causes

Xanthochromia occurs when there is a breakdown of red blood cells in the CSF, leading to the release of hemoglobin and its subsequent conversion to bilirubin. This process can take several hours to days, which is why xanthochromia is typically not present immediately after a hemorrhage.

Diagnosis

The presence of xanthochromia is typically assessed through a lumbar puncture, where a sample of CSF is collected and analyzed. The CSF is examined for its color, and spectrophotometry may be used to detect bilirubin levels more accurately. Xanthochromia is a key finding that helps differentiate between a traumatic tap and a true subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Clinical Significance

Detecting xanthochromia is crucial in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially when computed tomography (CT) scans are inconclusive. It helps in confirming the presence of bleeding in the subarachnoid space, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Management

Once xanthochromia is detected and a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage is confirmed, immediate medical intervention is required. Treatment may involve surgical procedures such as clipping or coiling of an aneurysm, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Related pages

• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Lumbar puncture
• Intracranial hemorrhage