Yoga (philosophy)

Bronze figure of a Kashmiri in Meditation by

The fusion of

The Yoga school considers perception, inference and reliable testimony as three reliable means to knowledge.

Yoga (philosophy) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. It is one of the six Āstika (orthodox) schools of Hindu philosophy. Yoga is broadly categorized into several major branches, including Rāja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga, and Hatha Yoga. The ultimate goal of Yoga is to achieve Moksha (liberation) from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), though the concept and purpose of Yoga can vary between the different Hindu traditions and texts.

Origins and History

The origins of Yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions, possibly in the Indus valley civilization around 3000 BCE. The word "Yoga" is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning "to yoke" or "to unite". The practice was later refined and developed by the Rishis (sages) and seers of ancient India. The most comprehensive and influential early text on Yoga philosophy is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which consolidates earlier traditions and practices into a coherent system. The Yoga Sutras are a collection of 196 aphorisms that form the foundational text of Rāja Yoga.

Philosophy and Practice

Yoga philosophy is primarily concerned with the mind and its fluctuations. It proposes a path towards the attainment of spiritual insight and tranquility through the practice of discipline, ethical conduct, and meditation. The eight limbs of Yoga outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali provide a moral and practical framework for achieving spiritual growth. These limbs are Yama (restraints), Niyama (observances), Asana (postures), Pranayama (breath control), Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses), Dharana (concentration), Dhyana (meditation), and Samadhi (absorption).

Major Branches

• Rāja Yoga: Often called the "royal path", focuses on meditation and the cultivation of the mind using the eight limbs of Yoga.
• Bhakti Yoga: The path of devotion, where a practitioner dedicates their actions and thoughts towards a deity or the divine.
• Jnana Yoga: The path of knowledge and wisdom, emphasizing the study of sacred texts and the pursuit of self-realization.
• Karma Yoga: The path of selfless action, performed without attachment to the outcomes.
• Hatha Yoga: Focuses on physical postures and exercises to prepare the body for meditation and spiritual practices.

Impact and Modern Practice

Yoga has spread beyond the Indian subcontinent and has become a global phenomenon, embraced by millions for its health benefits, stress reduction, and potential for spiritual awakening. Modern Yoga often emphasizes the physical aspects, particularly through the practice of Hatha Yoga, but many practitioners also engage with its philosophical and spiritual dimensions.

See Also

• Meditation
• Mindfulness
• Spirituality
• Physical fitness