Adolescent and young adult oncology

Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology (AYAO) is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). This demographic typically includes individuals aged 15 to 39 years, a group that presents unique challenges and needs distinct from those of younger children or older adults with cancer.

Overview

Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology emerged as a distinct field due to the recognition that AYAs with cancer have unique biological, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics. This age group experiences specific types of cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, and sarcomas, at higher rates than other age groups. Additionally, the survival rates for AYAs have not improved as significantly as those for children and older adults, highlighting the need for specialized research and treatment approaches.

Challenges in AYAO

Several challenges are associated with the treatment of cancer in AYAs, including:

• Biological Differences: AYAs may have cancers that are biologically distinct from those seen in other age groups, affecting treatment efficacy.
• Clinical Trials Participation: AYAs are underrepresented in clinical trials, limiting access to new therapies and advancements in treatment.
• Psychosocial Needs: The psychosocial impact of cancer on AYAs, who are at a critical stage of developing independence and establishing their identities, is profound. Issues such as fertility preservation, education, employment, and insurance concerns need to be addressed.
• Access to Care: AYAs may face difficulties in accessing care due to being on the cusp of pediatric and adult oncology, leading to gaps in treatment and support services.

Treatment and Support

Treatment for AYAs with cancer involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists; psychologists; social workers; and other healthcare professionals. This team works together to address the complex needs of AYAs, focusing on:

• Personalized Treatment Plans: Tailoring treatment to the specific type of cancer and the individual's needs.
• Fertility Preservation: Discussing options for fertility preservation before treatment begins, as some cancer treatments can affect fertility.
• Psychosocial Support: Providing support for the emotional, social, and psychological challenges that AYAs face.
• Survivorship Care: Addressing the long-term effects of cancer treatment and ensuring ongoing health and well-being.

Research and Advocacy

Research in AYAO focuses on understanding the biological differences of cancers in this age group, improving treatment outcomes, and addressing the psychosocial needs of AYAs. Advocacy efforts aim to increase awareness of AYAO, improve access to specialized care, and encourage the inclusion of AYAs in clinical trials.

Conclusion

Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology is a vital field that addresses the unique challenges faced by adolescents and young adults with cancer. Through specialized care, research, and advocacy, AYAO seeks to improve outcomes and support for AYAs during their cancer journey.