Anabolic-androgenic steroids

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are designed to mimic the effects of testosterone in the body, promoting muscle growth (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects). AAS are used medically to treat certain hormonal issues, but they are also commonly misused for performance enhancement in sports and bodybuilding.

History

The development of anabolic-androgenic steroids began in the 1930s when scientists first synthesized testosterone. The potential for these compounds to enhance physical performance was quickly recognized, leading to their use by athletes. However, the non-medical use of AAS has been controversial due to health risks and ethical concerns.

Mechanism of Action

AAS exert their effects by binding to androgen receptors in various tissues. This binding initiates a cascade of cellular events that result in increased protein synthesis, muscle growth, and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. The anabolic effects are primarily due to the stimulation of protein synthesis, while the androgenic effects are related to the development and maintenance of male characteristics.

Medical Uses

AAS are prescribed for several medical conditions, including:

• Hypogonadism: A condition where the body does not produce enough testosterone.
• Delayed puberty in boys.
• Muscle wasting diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and certain types of cancer.
• Severe burns and other conditions that result in significant muscle loss.

Non-medical Use and Abuse

The non-medical use of AAS is prevalent among athletes and bodybuilders seeking to enhance performance and physical appearance. This use is often associated with doses much higher than those prescribed for medical purposes, leading to a range of adverse effects.

Adverse Effects

The misuse of AAS can lead to numerous health issues, including:

• Cardiovascular problems: Increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
• Liver damage: Including liver tumors and a condition known as peliosis hepatis.
• Hormonal imbalances: Such as gynecomastia (breast development in men) and testicular atrophy.
• Psychiatric effects: Including aggression, mood swings, and depression.
• Dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Legal Status

The legal status of AAS varies by country. In many places, they are classified as controlled substances, making their non-prescribed use illegal. In the United States, for example, AAS are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act.

Also see

• Testosterone
• Performance-enhancing drugs
• Hypogonadism
• Bodybuilding
• Hormone replacement therapy