Anchylostomiasis

Anchylostomiasis

Anchylostomiasis, also known as hookworm infection, is a parasitic disease caused by intestinal nematodes of the family Ancylostomatidae. The most common species that infect humans are *Ancylostoma duodenale* and *Necator americanus*. These parasites are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in areas with poor sanitation.

Pathophysiology

Hookworms are transmitted through contact with contaminated soil. The larvae penetrate the skin, usually through the feet, and migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs. From the lungs, they ascend the trachea and are swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms. The adult worms attach to the intestinal mucosa, where they feed on blood, leading to iron deficiency anemia.

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms of anchylostomiasis can vary depending on the intensity of the infection. Common symptoms include:

• Cutaneous larva migrans: Itchy, red, serpiginous rash at the site of larval penetration.
• Respiratory symptoms: Cough and wheezing during larval migration through the lungs.
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea.
• Anemia: Chronic blood loss from intestinal bleeding can lead to iron deficiency anemia, causing fatigue, pallor, and weakness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hookworm infection is typically made by identifying hookworm eggs in stool samples using microscopic examination. In some cases, serological tests may be used to detect antibodies against hookworm antigens.

Treatment

The treatment of choice for anchylostomiasis is the administration of anthelmintic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole. These drugs are effective in killing adult worms and reducing egg production. Iron supplements may also be prescribed to address anemia.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Improving sanitation and access to clean water.
• Wearing shoes to prevent skin contact with contaminated soil.
• Health education programs to raise awareness about the transmission and prevention of hookworm infection.

Epidemiology

Hookworm infection is a major public health concern in many developing countries. It is estimated that over 500 million people worldwide are infected with hookworms, with the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

Also see

• Helminthiasis
• Parasitic diseases
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Albendazole
• Mebendazole