Anemia of prematurity

Anemia of prematurity (AOP) is a common condition affecting preterm infants. It is characterized by a low hemoglobin level and a reduced number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. This condition typically occurs in infants born before 37 weeks of gestation.

Pathophysiology

The primary cause of anemia of prematurity is the underdeveloped hematopoietic system in preterm infants. The bone marrow of these infants is not fully mature, leading to insufficient production of red blood cells. Additionally, preterm infants have a shorter lifespan of red blood cells compared to full-term infants. Other contributing factors include frequent blood sampling for medical tests, rapid growth, and a deficiency in erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

Symptoms

Symptoms of anemia of prematurity can vary but often include:

• Pallor
• Tachycardia
• Tachypnea
• Poor feeding
• Lethargy
• Apnea

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of anemia of prematurity is typically made through blood tests that measure hemoglobin levels and hematocrit. A complete blood count (CBC) is often performed to assess the overall health and number of red blood cells.

Treatment

Treatment options for anemia of prematurity include:

• Blood transfusions: Used to increase the number of red blood cells and improve oxygen delivery to tissues.
• Erythropoietin therapy: Administered to stimulate the production of red blood cells.
• Nutritional support: Ensuring adequate intake of iron, vitamin E, and other essential nutrients.

Prevention

Preventive measures for anemia of prematurity include minimizing blood draws, using micro-sampling techniques, and providing adequate nutritional support to promote red blood cell production.

Prognosis

The prognosis for infants with anemia of prematurity is generally good, especially with appropriate treatment. Most infants outgrow the condition as their bone marrow matures and begins to produce sufficient red blood cells.

See also

• Neonatology
• Preterm birth
• Hematology
• Pediatrics