Bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder Outlet Obstruction (BOO) is a urological condition characterized by blockage at the base of the bladder, which impedes the flow of urine into the urethra. This obstruction can be caused by a variety of conditions, including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), bladder stones, and bladder cancer.

Causes

The most common cause of BOO in men is BPH, a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. Other causes can include bladder stones, bladder cancer, and urethral stricture, a narrowing of the urethra due to inflammation or scar tissue. In women, BOO can be caused by pelvic organ prolapse, where the pelvic organs drop and press against the bladder.

Symptoms

Symptoms of BOO can vary, but often include difficulty starting a urine stream, weak urine flow, frequent urination, and feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. In severe cases, it can lead to urinary retention, the inability to urinate, which is a medical emergency.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BOO typically involves a physical examination, patient history, and a variety of tests. These tests can include a urinalysis, to check for infection or blood in the urine; a bladder ultrasound, to visualize the bladder and measure its volume; and a urodynamic test, to measure the pressure and flow rate during urination.

Treatment

Treatment for BOO depends on the underlying cause. For BPH, treatment options can include medication, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery. For bladder stones, treatment usually involves removing the stones. Bladder cancer may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

See Also

• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Bladder Stones
• Bladder Cancer
• Urethral Stricture
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse