Blood-borne infections

An overview of infections transmitted through blood

Blood-borne infections are diseases that are transmitted through the contamination of blood and other body fluids. These infections can be spread through various means, including needle sticks, blood transfusions, and other forms of direct contact with infected blood.

Overview

Blood-borne infections are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can lead to disease in humans. The most common blood-borne pathogens include the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). These infections pose significant health risks, particularly in healthcare settings, where exposure to blood is more frequent.

Transmission

Blood-borne infections are primarily transmitted through:

• Needle stick injuries: Healthcare workers are at risk of exposure through accidental needle sticks or cuts from other sharp instruments contaminated with infected blood.
• Blood transfusions: Although rare in developed countries due to rigorous screening, blood transfusions can transmit infections if the blood is contaminated.
• Sharing needles: This is a common route of transmission among individuals who inject drugs.
• Mother-to-child transmission: Infections can be passed from an infected mother to her child during childbirth.
• Sexual contact: Some blood-borne infections can also be transmitted through sexual contact, especially if there are open sores or bleeding.

Prevention

Preventing blood-borne infections involves several strategies:

• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE): Healthcare workers should use gloves, masks, and gowns to protect themselves from exposure.
• Safe needle practices: Proper disposal of needles and use of safety-engineered devices can reduce the risk of needle stick injuries.
• Screening of blood products: Blood donations are screened for blood-borne pathogens to prevent transmission through transfusions.
• Vaccination: Vaccines are available for some blood-borne infections, such as Hepatitis B.
• Education and training: Educating healthcare workers and the public about the risks and prevention of blood-borne infections is crucial.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of blood-borne infections typically involves serological tests to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens. Treatment varies depending on the specific infection:

• Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications can help manage chronic HBV infections.
• Hepatitis C: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can cure most cases of HCV.
• HIV: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to manage HIV infection and prevent progression to AIDS.

Impact on Healthcare Workers

Healthcare workers are at increased risk of exposure to blood-borne infections due to the nature of their work. It is essential for healthcare facilities to implement strict infection control protocols to protect their staff. This includes providing training on the use of PPE, safe handling of sharps, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for those who have been exposed.

Also see

• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• HIV/AIDS
• Infection control
• Occupational safety and health