Blood-borne pathogens

An overview of blood-borne pathogens and their impact on health.

Blood-borne pathogens
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Blood-borne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood-borne pathogens are primarily transmitted through contact with infected human blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM).

Transmission

Blood-borne pathogens can be transmitted through several routes, including:

• Needlestick injuries
• Cuts from other contaminated sharps (e.g., scalpels)
• Contact of mucous membranes or broken skin with contaminated blood
• Blood transfusions with infected blood
• Sharing of needles or syringes, particularly among intravenous drug users
• From mother to child during childbirth

Prevention

Preventing the transmission of blood-borne pathogens involves several strategies:

• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, and face shields
• Proper disposal of sharps in designated containers
• Implementation of universal precautions in healthcare settings
• Vaccination, particularly against hepatitis B
• Safe handling and disposal of potentially infectious materials
• Education and training of healthcare workers

Occupational Exposure

Healthcare workers are at a higher risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens due to the nature of their work. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established guidelines to protect workers from exposure, including the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, which mandates the use of engineering controls, work practice controls, and PPE.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of infections caused by blood-borne pathogens typically involves serological testing to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens. Treatment varies depending on the pathogen:

• HIV: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to manage HIV infection.
• Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications and supportive care are used to manage chronic hepatitis B.
• Hepatitis C: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are used to cure hepatitis C in most cases.

Public Health Impact

Blood-borne pathogens pose a significant public health challenge worldwide. Efforts to control their spread include public health campaigns, vaccination programs, and harm reduction strategies such as needle exchange programs.

Also see

• Infectious disease
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• HIV/AIDS
• Universal precautions
• Occupational safety and health