Body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition characterized by an obsessive focus on a perceived flaw or defect in physical appearance. This flaw is often minor or not observable to others. Individuals with BDD may engage in repetitive behaviors, such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, or seeking reassurance, which can significantly impair their daily functioning and quality of life.

Symptoms

People with body dysmorphic disorder typically exhibit the following symptoms:

• Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance.
• Repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming) or mental acts (e.g., comparing appearance with others) in response to appearance concerns.
• Significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
• Avoidance of social situations due to appearance concerns.

Causes

The exact cause of body dysmorphic disorder is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some potential contributing factors include:

• Genetics: A family history of BDD or other mental health disorders may increase the risk.
• Brain abnormalities: Differences in brain structure or function may play a role.
• Environmental factors: Experiences such as childhood trauma, bullying, or societal pressure to meet certain beauty standards can contribute to the development of BDD.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is typically made by a mental health professional based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The assessment may include:

• A detailed clinical interview.
• Questionnaires or self-assessment tools.
• Evaluation of the impact of appearance concerns on daily functioning.

Treatment

Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder often involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Common treatment approaches include:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change distorted thoughts and behaviors related to their appearance.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): A class of medications commonly used to treat BDD by addressing underlying anxiety and depression.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with body dysmorphic disorder varies. With appropriate treatment, many people experience significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life. However, BDD can be a chronic condition, and ongoing treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms effectively.

See also

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Anxiety disorder
• Depression (mood)
• Eating disorder