Butyraldehyde

Butyraldehyde, also known as butanal, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₄H₈O. It is a member of the aldehyde group, characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a terminal carbon atom. Butyraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent, unpleasant smell, commonly used in the synthesis of various chemicals.

Structure and Properties

Butyraldehyde consists of a four-carbon chain, with the formula CH₃(CH₂)₂CHO. It is a linear molecule that falls under the category of saturated hydrocarbons, with a molecular weight of 72.11 g/mol. The compound is slightly soluble in water, but it is miscible with most organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and chloroform.

Production

Butyraldehyde is primarily produced by the hydroformylation of propylene, a process known as the Oxo process. This involves the reaction of propylene with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) in the presence of a catalyst, typically a complex of rhodium or cobalt. Another method of production is the oxidation of n-butanol with a catalyst such as manganese oxide.

Uses

Butyraldehyde is an important intermediate in the chemical industry. Its primary use is in the production of butanol, which is achieved through the hydrogenation of butyraldehyde. Butanol is a valuable solvent and an intermediate for the manufacture of plasticizers, resins, and other chemicals.

Another significant derivative of butyraldehyde is 2-ethylhexanol, which is produced by the aldol condensation of butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation. 2-Ethylhexanol is a key ingredient in the production of plasticizers for PVC and other synthetic resins.

Butyraldehyde is also used in the synthesis of butyric acid, butyrate esters, and amines, which find applications in the flavor and fragrance industry, as well as in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Health and Safety

Exposure to butyraldehyde can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It is considered a hazardous substance, and appropriate safety measures should be taken when handling it. This includes the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators in environments where exposure to the chemical is likely.

Environmental Impact

Butyraldehyde can contribute to air and water pollution if not properly managed. It is volatile and can form explosive mixtures with air. Spills of butyraldehyde should be contained and cleaned up promptly to prevent environmental contamination.

See Also

• Aldehyde
• Hydroformylation
• Oxo process
• Butanol
• 2-Ethylhexanol