Caribou

Caribou

The caribou (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the reindeer in Europe, is a species of deer native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. This article explores the biology, habitat, and cultural significance of caribou.

Taxonomy and Evolution

Caribou belong to the family Cervidae, which includes other deer species. The scientific name Rangifer tarandus reflects its classification within the genus Rangifer. Caribou are closely related to other members of the deer family, such as moose and elk.

Physical Characteristics

Caribou are well adapted to cold environments. They have a thick coat of fur that provides insulation against harsh weather. Both male and female caribou grow antlers, which is unique among deer species. The antlers are shed and regrown annually.

Size

Caribou vary in size depending on their subspecies and habitat. They typically weigh between 80 to 300 kilograms (180 to 660 pounds) and stand about 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) tall at the shoulder.

Coat

The coat of a caribou changes with the seasons. In winter, it is thick and white, providing camouflage in snowy environments. In summer, the coat becomes thinner and darker.

Habitat and Distribution

Caribou are found in a variety of habitats, including tundra, boreal forests, and mountainous regions. They are migratory animals, often traveling long distances between their summer and winter ranges.

North America

In North America, caribou are found in Canada and Alaska. They are known as "caribou" in these regions.

Europe and Asia

In Europe and Asia, caribou are referred to as "reindeer." They are found in countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

Diet

Caribou are herbivores, primarily feeding on lichens, grasses, and shrubs. During the winter months, lichens become a crucial part of their diet, as they are one of the few available food sources.

Reproduction

Caribou have a breeding season known as the rut, which occurs in the fall. After a gestation period of about 230 days, females give birth to a single calf in the spring. Calves are able to stand and walk shortly after birth, which is essential for their survival in the wild.

Cultural Significance

Caribou have significant cultural importance for many indigenous peoples in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. They are a vital source of food, clothing, and materials for tools and shelter.

In Mythology

In Norse mythology, reindeer are associated with the god Thor, who is said to have a chariot pulled by reindeer.

Conservation Status

The conservation status of caribou varies by region and subspecies. Some populations are stable, while others are threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and human activities.

See Also

• Reindeer
• Arctic Wildlife
• Cervidae

References

• Banfield, A. W. F. (1974). The Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press.
• Geist, V. (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books.