Coarctation of aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. This condition can lead to serious health problems and requires medical intervention.

Etiology

The exact cause of CoA is unknown, but it is believed to occur during the development of the aorta in the fetus. Some researchers suggest that certain genetic factors may play a role, as the condition often occurs in conjunction with other congenital heart defects.

Pathophysiology

In CoA, the narrowing of the aorta restricts blood flow to the lower part of the body. This forces the heart to pump harder to push blood through the narrowed section, which can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure) and eventually heart failure if left untreated.

Clinical Presentation

Symptoms of CoA can vary greatly depending on the severity of the condition. In severe cases, symptoms may appear shortly after birth and include difficulty breathing, poor feeding, and a weak pulse in the lower limbs. In milder cases, symptoms may not appear until adulthood and can include high blood pressure, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis

CoA is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization. Other imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan may also be used.

Treatment

Treatment for CoA aims to improve blood flow through the aorta. This can be achieved through surgical repair or through a less invasive procedure known as balloon angioplasty. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.

Prognosis

With early diagnosis and treatment, most individuals with CoA can lead normal, healthy lives. However, ongoing medical care is often necessary to monitor the condition and manage any potential complications.