Conidiobolomycosis

Conidiobolomycosis is a rare and chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by the fungus Conidiobolus species. This disease is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it affects both humans and animals.

Etiology

The causative agents of conidiobolomycosis are fungi from the Conidiobolus genus, particularly Conidiobolus coronatus and Conidiobolus incongruus. These fungi are saprophytic and are commonly found in soil, decaying plant material, and the gastrointestinal tract of insects.

Epidemiology

Conidiobolomycosis is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Africa, South America, and Asia. The disease is more common in males and in individuals who are in close contact with soil and plant material, such as farmers and gardeners.

Clinical Presentation

The disease typically presents as a painless, slowly enlarging subcutaneous nodule on the face or upper body. The overlying skin may appear normal or may exhibit erythema, induration, or ulceration. In some cases, the disease can spread to the lymph nodes and cause lymphadenopathy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of conidiobolomycosis is based on clinical presentation, histopathological examination, and fungal culture. The histopathological examination typically reveals granulomatous inflammation with eosinophilic material known as Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon.

Treatment

Treatment of conidiobolomycosis typically involves surgical excision of the lesion and antifungal therapy. The antifungal drugs of choice are itraconazole and amphotericin B.

Prognosis

The prognosis of conidiobolomycosis is generally good, especially with early diagnosis and treatment. However, the disease can cause significant morbidity due to disfigurement and functional impairment.