Corticotropic cell

Corticotropic cell

Corticotropic cells, also known as corticotrophs, are specialized cells located in the anterior pituitary gland. These cells are responsible for the production and secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress.

Structure and Function

Corticotropic cells are part of the pituitary gland's anterior lobe, also known as the adenohypophysis. These cells are characterized by their basophilic staining properties due to the presence of secretory granules containing ACTH. The primary function of corticotropic cells is to synthesize and release ACTH in response to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secreted by the hypothalamus.

Regulation

The activity of corticotropic cells is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). When the hypothalamus detects stress or low levels of cortisol, it releases CRH, which then stimulates corticotropic cells to secrete ACTH. ACTH subsequently acts on the adrenal cortex to promote the synthesis and release of cortisol, a key hormone in the stress response.

Clinical Significance

Dysfunction of corticotropic cells can lead to various medical conditions. Overproduction of ACTH can result in Cushing's disease, characterized by excessive cortisol levels. Conversely, underproduction of ACTH can lead to secondary adrenal insufficiency, where the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of cortisol.

Histology

Under the microscope, corticotropic cells can be identified by their basophilic cytoplasm and the presence of secretory granules. They are typically located in the central part of the anterior pituitary gland.

Related Cells

Corticotropic cells are one of several types of hormone-producing cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Other cell types include:

• Somatotropic cells, which produce growth hormone (GH)
• Lactotropic cells, which produce prolactin (PRL)
• Thyrotropic cells, which produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Gonadotropic cells, which produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

See Also

• Pituitary gland
• Adrenal gland
• Hypothalamus
• Endocrine system