Diverticular disease

Diverticular disease refers to a spectrum of conditions related to the formation of diverticula, which are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. They are most commonly found in the lower part of the large intestine (colon). This condition becomes more prevalent with age. Diverticular disease encompasses two main conditions: diverticulosis, which involves the presence of diverticula without associated symptoms, and diverticulitis, which is the inflammation or infection of these pouches.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of diverticular disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of a low-fiber diet, aging, and genetic predisposition. A diet low in fiber leads to harder stools that are difficult to pass, increasing the pressure within the colon. This pressure may cause the formation of diverticula. Other risk factors include obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and the use of certain medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Symptoms

Diverticulosis often presents with no symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include mild cramps, bloating, and constipation. In contrast, diverticulitis symptoms are more severe and include intense abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and a marked change in bowel habits. Complications of diverticulitis can include abscesses, perforation of the colon, and fistulas.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of diverticular disease typically involves a medical history review and physical examination. Imaging tests such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or ultrasound may be used to confirm the presence of diverticula or signs of inflammation. Colonoscopy may also be recommended, especially in individuals without a recent examination, to rule out other potential causes of symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for diverticular disease depends on the severity of the condition. For uncomplicated diverticulosis, increasing dietary fiber intake and occasionally using fiber supplements may be recommended to help reduce symptoms. For diverticulitis, treatment usually involves antibiotics to treat the infection and a temporary switch to a liquid diet to allow the colon to heal. In severe cases, hospitalization or surgery may be required.

Prevention

Preventive measures for diverticular disease focus on increasing dietary fiber intake to soften stools and decrease colon pressure. This can include eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also beneficial. Avoiding smoking and the use of NSAIDs can further reduce the risk of developing diverticulitis.

See Also

• Gastrointestinal tract
• Colon (anatomy)
• Inflammatory bowel disease