Endocrine

Endocrine is a term that refers to the system of glands in the body that produce hormones. These hormones are released into the bloodstream and transported to various tissues and organs where they regulate a wide range of bodily functions. The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testes (in males).

Function

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by regulating metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood among other things. The hormones produced by the endocrine glands act as chemical messengers, controlling and coordinating activities throughout the body.

Glands of the Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the function of many other endocrine glands. It is located at the base of the brain and is about the size of a pea. The pituitary gland produces a variety of hormones that regulate various functions in the body including growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones which regulate the body's metabolism. These hormones also play a role in bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children.

Parathyroid Glands

The parathyroid glands are four small glands located on the back of the thyroid gland. They produce parathyroid hormone which regulates the body's calcium and phosphate levels.

Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help the body respond to stress, regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and control the body's salt and water balance.

Pancreas

The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. It produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.

Ovaries and Testes

The ovaries in females produce estrogen and progesterone, hormones that regulate menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and secondary sexual characteristics. The testes in males produce testosterone, a hormone that regulates sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics.

Disorders of the Endocrine System

Disorders of the endocrine system can result from the overproduction or underproduction of hormones. Some common endocrine disorders include diabetes, thyroid disorders, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Endocrine Resources
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