Enterococcus malodoratus

Enterococcus malodoratus is a species of bacteria within the genus Enterococcus. It is a Gram-positive bacterium that is part of the normal microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract.

Morphology

Enterococcus malodoratus is a coccoid bacterium, typically appearing in pairs (diplococci) or short chains. It is non-motile and does not form spores. The cells are Gram-positive, meaning they retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.

Physiology

Enterococcus malodoratus is a facultative anaerobe, capable of growing in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. It can survive in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels, which contributes to its ability to colonize various environments within the host.

Biochemical Characteristics

This species is catalase-negative and exhibits the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. It is also able to grow in 6.5% sodium chloride, a characteristic that helps differentiate it from other streptococci.

Habitat

Enterococcus malodoratus is commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract, where it is part of the normal flora. It can also be isolated from other environments, such as soil and water, due to its resilience and adaptability.

Pathogenicity

While Enterococcus malodoratus is generally considered non-pathogenic, it can be an opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. It has been associated with urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis.

Clinical Significance

Infections caused by Enterococcus malodoratus are treated with antibiotics, although the species can exhibit resistance to certain antibiotics, such as vancomycin. This resistance is a concern in clinical settings, as it can complicate treatment options.

Antibiotic Resistance

Enterococcus malodoratus has been noted for its potential to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics. The mechanisms of resistance include the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer and mutations that confer resistance.

Laboratory Identification

Identification of Enterococcus malodoratus in the laboratory involves a combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques. Gram staining, growth in bile esculin agar, and salt tolerance tests are commonly used. Molecular methods, such as PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, provide definitive identification.

Prevention and Control

Preventing infections caused by Enterococcus malodoratus involves standard infection control practices, such as hand hygiene and the appropriate use of antibiotics to prevent the development of resistance.

Research Directions

Ongoing research on Enterococcus malodoratus focuses on understanding its role in the human microbiome, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and potential therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat infections.

See Also

• Enterococcus
• Gram-positive bacteria
• Antibiotic resistance
• Opportunistic infection