Herpetic gingivostomatitis

Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

Herpetic gingivostomatitis affecting the oral cavity.

Herpetic gingivostomatitis is an infection of the oral cavity caused by the Herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is the most common clinical manifestation of primary HSV-1 infection in children, although it can also occur in adults. The condition is characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) and the mucous membranes of the mouth (stomatitis), leading to painful sores and ulcers.

Clinical Presentation

The onset of herpetic gingivostomatitis is often sudden, with symptoms including:

• Fever
• Irritability
• Painful oral lesions
• Swollen and bleeding gums
• Difficulty eating and drinking

The oral lesions typically appear as small vesicles that rupture to form shallow ulcers. These ulcers can be found on the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, and roof of the mouth.

Pathophysiology

Herpetic gingivostomatitis is caused by the Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), although HSV-2 can also be responsible in some cases. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected saliva or lesions. After initial infection, the virus travels to the sensory ganglia, where it remains latent. Reactivation of the virus can lead to recurrent infections, often presenting as cold sores or herpes labialis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of herpetic gingivostomatitis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of the oral lesions and the patient's history. Laboratory tests, such as viral culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can be used to confirm the presence of HSV.

Treatment

Treatment of herpetic gingivostomatitis focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing dehydration. Management may include:

• Adequate hydration
• Pain relief with analgesics
• Antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir in severe cases

Prognosis

The prognosis for herpetic gingivostomatitis is generally good, with symptoms typically resolving within 1 to 2 weeks. However, the virus remains in the body and can reactivate, leading to recurrent episodes.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals and practicing good hygiene. In some cases, antiviral prophylaxis may be considered for individuals with frequent recurrences.

Related Pages

• Herpes simplex virus
• Cold sore
• Herpes labialis
• Acyclovir