Human embryo
The human embryo is the early stage of human development that occurs after fertilization and continues until the end of the eighth week of gestation. During this period, the embryo undergoes significant cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis to form the basic structures of the human body.
Developmental Stages[edit | edit source]
The development of the human embryo is divided into several stages:
Fertilization[edit | edit source]
Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell from a male merges with an ovum from a female to form a zygote. This marks the beginning of embryogenesis.
Cleavage[edit | edit source]
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division known as cleavage. This results in the formation of a morula, a solid ball of cells.
Blastocyst Formation[edit | edit source]
The morula develops into a blastocyst, which is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity and differentiation into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. The blastocyst implants into the uterine wall around the sixth day after fertilization.
Gastrulation[edit | edit source]
During gastrulation, the inner cell mass forms three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.
Organogenesis[edit | edit source]
Organogenesis is the process by which the germ layers develop into the organs and systems of the body. This includes the formation of the neural tube, which will become the central nervous system, and the heart, which begins to beat by the end of the third week.
Embryonic Structures[edit | edit source]
Several key structures form during embryonic development:
- The amnion and chorion are membranes that protect and nourish the embryo.
- The yolk sac provides early nourishment before the placenta is fully developed.
- The allantois is involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac.
Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]
Understanding human embryonic development is crucial for reproductive medicine, teratology, and prenatal diagnosis. Abnormalities in embryonic development can lead to congenital disorders or miscarriage.
See Also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
External Links[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
