Human papillomavirus vaccine
Vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus infection
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a vaccine that prevents infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV. All vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer.
Medical uses[edit | edit source]
The HPV vaccine is primarily used to prevent cervical cancer, but it also provides protection against other HPV-related cancers, such as anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and genital warts. The vaccine is most effective when given before an individual becomes sexually active, as it is designed to prevent initial infection with HPV.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the HPV vaccine be included in routine national immunization programs, provided that:
- Prevention of cervical cancer and/or other HPV-related diseases is a public health priority
- Vaccine introduction is programmatically feasible
- Sustainable financing can be secured
- The cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies in the country or region is considered
Types of vaccines[edit | edit source]
There are three HPV vaccines that have been licensed for use:
- Gardasil: Protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18.
- Cervarix: Protects against HPV types 16 and 18.
- Gardasil 9: Protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.
Administration[edit | edit source]
The HPV vaccine is administered as an intramuscular injection. The vaccination schedule typically consists of two or three doses over a six-month period, depending on the age at which the series is started. For individuals starting the series before their 15th birthday, two doses are recommended. For those starting on or after their 15th birthday, three doses are recommended.
Efficacy[edit | edit source]
Clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance have shown that the HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing infection with the HPV types they target. The vaccines have been shown to reduce the incidence of cervical lesions, which are precursors to cervical cancer, as well as other HPV-related diseases.
Safety[edit | edit source]
The HPV vaccines have been extensively studied and are considered safe. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, headache, and fatigue. Serious side effects are rare.
Controversy and public perception[edit | edit source]
Despite the proven benefits of the HPV vaccine, its uptake has been variable due to concerns about safety, the perceived need for vaccination, and cultural or religious beliefs. Public health campaigns continue to address these concerns and promote the benefits of vaccination.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Bonnu, Prab R. Tumpati, MD