Irritation fibroma

Irritation Fibroma (also known as traumatic fibroma, focal fibrous hyperplasia, or fibrous nodule) is a common benign soft tissue lesion of the oral cavity, representing a reactive, localized hyperplastic response to trauma or irritation. Despite its name, irritation fibroma is not a true neoplasm, but rather a fibrous growth. It is the most common form of fibrous oral lesions.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Irritation fibromas result from chronic irritation or trauma to the mucous membrane of the mouth, which stimulates the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue. Common sources of irritation include rough edges from teeth, dental restorations, ill-fitting dentures, or habitual biting of the oral mucosa.

Clinical Features

Irritation fibromas typically present as asymptomatic, smooth, pink, firm nodules. They are most commonly found on the buccal mucosa along the line of occlusion, but can also occur on the tongue, lip, and gingiva. The size of the lesions can vary but usually does not exceed 1.5 cm in diameter.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of irritation fibroma is primarily clinical, based on the lesion's appearance and history of trauma or irritation. However, a definitive diagnosis often requires a biopsy to rule out other fibrous lesions or neoplasms. Histologically, irritation fibromas are characterized by dense, fibrous connective tissue with few blood vessels and an overlying epithelium that may show signs of hyperkeratosis due to chronic irritation.

Treatment

The treatment for irritation fibroma is surgical excision. The procedure is typically straightforward and can be performed under local anesthesia. Recurrence is rare but can occur if the source of irritation is not removed.

Prevention

Preventing irritation fibromas involves identifying and eliminating sources of chronic irritation in the oral cavity. This may include smoothing rough edges on teeth, replacing or adjusting ill-fitting dental restorations or dentures, and discouraging habits such as lip or cheek biting.

Conclusion

Irritation fibroma is a benign, reactive lesion of the oral cavity that results from chronic irritation or trauma. While it is typically asymptomatic and poses no significant health risk, surgical removal is often desired for diagnostic confirmation or aesthetic reasons. Preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing irritation fibromas.