Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a type of thyroid cancer that originates from the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. These cells produce the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels.

Symptoms

The symptoms of medullary thyroid carcinoma can vary, but may include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and neck pain. In some cases, MTC can lead to high levels of calcitonin, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, flushing, and itching.

Causes

Medullary thyroid carcinoma can occur sporadically or as part of a genetic syndrome such as Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). In the sporadic form, the cause is usually unknown. In the genetic form, mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are responsible.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MTC typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests (including calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels), imaging studies, and biopsy of the thyroid nodule.

Treatment

Treatment options for MTC include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy with drugs that inhibit the RET proto-oncogene.

Prognosis

The prognosis for MTC depends on various factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific genetic mutation involved in cases of hereditary MTC.

See also

• Thyroid cancer
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• Parafollicular cell

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