Nayanars

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Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam

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Nayanars were a group of 63 saints in Tamil Nadu, India, who were devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. They lived between the 6th and 8th centuries CE and were instrumental in the Bhakti movement, spreading the ideals of love and devotion to Shiva through their hymns and poems. The Nayanars hailed from various backgrounds, including farmers, warriors, and untouchables, showcasing the movement's inclusivity. Their works, primarily in Tamil, are compiled in the Tevaram, considered one of the most important Tamil literary works.

Background

The Nayanars were part of a larger Bhakti movement that aimed to make religious practices more personal and accessible, moving away from the ritualistic and class-based approach of traditional Hinduism. This movement emphasized personal devotion over ritual sacrifices and the caste system, allowing people from all walks of life to express their devotion to God.

Prominent Nayanars

Among the 63 Nayanars, some are more widely known than others. Appar, Sundarar, Manikkavacakar, and Thirugnana Sambandar are particularly revered. Each of these saints has a unique story of devotion and miracles associated with them, contributing significantly to the Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy and theology.

Literary Contributions

The Nayanars contributed extensively to Tamil literature through their devotional hymns. The Tevaram, a collection of hymns by the first three aforementioned saints, and Tiruvacakam, by Manikkavacakar, are pivotal works. These texts not only serve as devotional literature but also as historical documents that provide insights into the socio-political and cultural landscape of Tamil Nadu during their time.

Impact and Legacy

The Nayanars played a crucial role in shaping the religious landscape of South India. Their devotion to Shiva and their body of work significantly influenced the development of Tamil culture and Shaivism. They are celebrated annually in the Tamil month of Maasi during the festival of Maha Shivaratri, where their images are paraded around temples.

See Also

• Alvars, the Vaishnavite counterparts of the Nayanars
• Bhakti movement
• Shaivism
• Tamil literature