Neonatal ovarian cyst

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Neonatal Ovarian Cyst
Specialty	Pediatrics, Neonatology, Gynecology
Symptoms	Often asymptomatic, abdominal distension, palpable abdominal mass
Complications	Ovarian torsion, Hemorrhage, Rupture
Usual onset	Neonatal period (first 28 days of life)
Types	Simple, Complex
Causes	Hormonal stimulation, maternal hormone exposure
Risk factors	Female neonates, maternal gestational diabetes, prematurity
Diagnostic method	Ultrasound, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Intestinal obstruction, Mesenteric cyst, Hydronephrosis
Treatment	Observation, Surgical intervention
Prognosis	Generally good with treatment

Neonatal ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs located within the ovaries of female neonates. They are the most common abdominal mass found in newborn girls and are typically diagnosed during the neonatal period, which is defined as the first 28 days of life. These cysts can range from simple, benign cysts to complex cysts that may require intervention due to complications such as ovarian torsion, hemorrhage, or rupture.

Causes and Risk Factors

Neonatal ovarian cysts are primarily caused by the hormonal stimulation of the female fetus's ovaries, often due to maternal hormone exposure during pregnancy. Factors that increase the risk of developing neonatal ovarian cysts include being born to a mother with gestational diabetes and prematurity.

Symptoms and Complications

Many neonatal ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine ultrasound examinations. However, some infants may present with abdominal distension or a palpable abdominal mass. Complications can arise from larger or complex cysts, including ovarian torsion, which is a surgical emergency, hemorrhage, and rupture.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of neonatal ovarian cysts is primarily made through imaging studies. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality due to its safety and effectiveness in visualizing ovarian cysts. In some cases, MRI may be used to further evaluate the cysts.

Treatment

The treatment of neonatal ovarian cysts depends on the size and type of the cyst, as well as the presence of any symptoms or complications. Small, simple cysts may be managed conservatively with observation and follow-up ultrasounds to monitor for resolution or changes in size. Surgical intervention may be necessary for large, complex cysts or if complications such as torsion or rupture occur.

Prognosis

The prognosis for neonatal ovarian cysts is generally good, especially for those that are small and simple. Many cysts resolve spontaneously within the first year of life. However, timely diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications.

Neonatal ovarian cyst Resources
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