Nitrophenol

Nitrophenol is a type of chemical compound that belongs to the phenol group. It is characterized by the presence of one or more nitro groups attached to the phenolic ring. Nitrophenols are typically yellow to dark brown solids that are slightly soluble in water. They are used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and explosives.

Chemical Structure

Nitrophenols have the chemical formula C6H5NO3. They consist of a phenol molecule, which is a six-carbon ring with a hydroxyl (OH) group attached, and a nitro group (NO2) also attached to the ring. The position of the nitro group on the ring can vary, leading to different isomers of nitrophenol. The most common isomers are o-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, and p-nitrophenol, where the nitro group is attached to the ortho (adjacent), meta (two positions away), or para (opposite) position to the hydroxyl group, respectively.

Properties and Uses

Nitrophenols are typically yellow to dark brown solids. They have a characteristic, somewhat sweet smell. They are slightly soluble in water, but more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone.

Nitrophenols are used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and explosives. They are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemical compounds. For example, p-nitrophenol is used in the synthesis of paracetamol, a common over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer.

Health Effects

Exposure to nitrophenols can have harmful effects on human health. They can cause skin and eye irritation, and if ingested or inhaled, can cause damage to the liver and kidneys. Long-term exposure can lead to more serious health problems, including cancer. Therefore, it is important to handle nitrophenols with care, using appropriate protective equipment and following safety guidelines.

See Also

• Phenol
• Nitro group
• o-nitrophenol
• m-nitrophenol
• p-nitrophenol