Paroxysmal dyskinesia

Paroxysmal dyskinesia
Synonyms	Paroxysmal movement disorders
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Episodic involuntary movements, dystonia, chorea, athetosis
Complications	N/A
Onset	Varies by type
Duration	Seconds to hours
Types	Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia, Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia
Causes	Genetic mutations, stress, exercise, caffeine
Risks	Family history, specific genetic mutations
Diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis, genetic testing
Differential diagnosis	Epilepsy, migraine, psychogenic movement disorders
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, lifestyle modifications
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies; often manageable with treatment
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Paroxysmal dyskinesia is a group of rare neurological disorders that present as sudden, brief, involuntary movements. These movements can include a variety of symptoms such as spasms, jerking, and twisting. The term "paroxysmal" refers to the sudden onset and brief duration of symptoms, while "dyskinesia" refers to abnormal, uncontrolled movements.

Types of Paroxysmal Dyskinesia

There are three main types of paroxysmal dyskinesia: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), and paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED).

Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia

PKD is the most common type of paroxysmal dyskinesia. It is characterized by brief episodes of involuntary movement triggered by sudden voluntary movements or changes in movement.

Paroxysmal Nonkinesigenic Dyskinesia

PNKD is less common than PKD and is characterized by longer episodes of involuntary movement that are not triggered by voluntary movement.

Paroxysmal Exertion-Induced Dyskinesia

PED is a rare type of paroxysmal dyskinesia that is triggered by prolonged physical activity.

Causes

The exact cause of paroxysmal dyskinesia is unknown, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in the brain's ability to regulate movement. Some cases have been linked to genetic mutations.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of paroxysmal dyskinesia is based on the patient's symptoms and medical history. Additional tests such as MRI scans and genetic testing may be used to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Treatment for paroxysmal dyskinesia is aimed at managing symptoms and can include medications such as anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. In some cases, surgery may be considered.

See Also

• Movement disorders
• Dystonia
• Chorea