Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

Introduction

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND), also known as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, is a medical condition characterized by sudden attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing, typically occurring at night. It often awakens individuals from sleep and can be quite distressing.

Pathophysiology

PND is associated with various cardiac and respiratory conditions. It often occurs due to the redistribution of body fluid while lying down, leading to increased pulmonary venous return and pulmonary congestion.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with PND experience episodes of severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) that awaken them from sleep, usually 2-3 hours after falling asleep. Accompanying symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, and a feeling of suffocation.

Associations and Causes

PND is commonly associated with conditions like congestive heart failure, left ventricular failure, and certain forms of pulmonary edema. It can also be seen in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PND involves a thorough patient history, physical examination, and may include diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, echocardiograms, or pulmonary function tests to determine the underlying cause.

Management and Treatment

Oxygen therapy for PND

The management of PND includes treating the underlying cause, such as administering diuretics for heart failure. Patients may find relief by sitting upright, especially at the side of the bed with legs dangling, as symptoms typically worsen when lying down.

Prevention and Lifestyle Modifications

Preventive measures include managing the underlying cardiac or respiratory conditions, adhering to treatment regimens, and lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake and avoiding excessive fluid intake before bedtime.

See Also

• Dyspnea
• Heart Failure
• Pulmonary Edema
• Respiratory System

References

1. [Link to a medical journal article on PND] 2. [Link to a health information site with details on PND]

External Links

• American Heart Association
• American Lung Association

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea Resources
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