Peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs. PAD often reduces blood flow to the legs, causing symptoms such as leg pain when walking (claudication).

Causes

PAD is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries. This plaque consists of fat, cholesterol, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, limiting the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the organs and other parts of the body.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of PAD is claudication, which is characterized by muscle pain or cramping in the legs or arms that's triggered by activity and disappears after a few minutes of rest. The location of the pain depends on the location of the clogged or narrowed artery. Other symptoms may include leg numbness or weakness, coldness in the lower leg or foot, sores on the toes, feet or legs that won't heal, and a change in the color of the legs.

Diagnosis

PAD is diagnosed through a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history. The doctor may also perform a ankle-brachial index test, which compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm. Other diagnostic tests may include ultrasound, angiography, and blood tests.

Treatment

Treatment for PAD focuses on reducing symptoms and preventing further progression of the disease. This can be achieved through lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising, and eating a healthy diet. Medications may also be prescribed to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, prevent blood clots, and relieve symptoms. In some cases, angioplasty or surgery may be required to open up or bypass blocked arteries.

See also

• Atherosclerosis
• Claudication
• Ankle-brachial index