Pernicious anaemia

Pernicious anaemia is a type of anaemia that results from the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. This condition is also known as Biermer's anaemia, Addison's anaemia, or combined system disease.

Causes

Pernicious anaemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. This can be due to an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor. Other causes can include atrophic gastritis, surgery that removes or bypasses the end of the small intestine, and certain medications.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pernicious anaemia can vary, but may include fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Other symptoms can include neurological problems such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, and memory loss.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of pernicious anaemia typically involves blood tests to measure levels of vitamin B12, red blood cells, and intrinsic factor antibodies. Additional tests may include a bone marrow examination or a Schilling test to measure vitamin B12 absorption.

Treatment

Treatment for pernicious anaemia usually involves replacing the missing vitamin B12. This can be done through injections, high dose oral supplements, or nasal spray. In some cases, dietary changes may also be recommended.

Prognosis

With treatment, most people with pernicious anaemia can manage their symptoms and live a normal life. However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to serious complications such as heart disease and neurological damage.

See also

• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Megaloblastic anaemia
• Autoimmune disease
• Atrophic gastritis