Self-pollination

Ophrys apifera flower2

Self-pollination is a form of pollination that occurs when the pollen from the anther of a flower lands on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant. This process is a type of sexual reproduction and fertilization in plants, allowing them to produce seeds and thereby propagate. Self-pollination is common in many plant species and can have both advantages and disadvantages for the plant population.

Mechanism

The mechanism of self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. This can occur through various means, including the movement of the flower parts due to gravity or the actions of the plant itself, such as in cleistogamous flowers, which do not open and are therefore adapted to self-pollinate without the need for pollinators.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Self-pollination has several advantages for plants, including the assurance of reproduction in the absence of pollinators and the ability to maintain successful genetic combinations. However, it also has disadvantages, such as reduced genetic diversity, which can make the plant population more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes.

Comparison with Cross-Pollination

Self-pollination is often contrasted with cross-pollination, where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a flower on a different individual of the same species. Cross-pollination generally results in higher genetic diversity among offspring, which can be beneficial for the adaptability and survival of the plant population.

Examples

Many plant species are capable of self-pollination, including but not limited to, certain varieties of tomatoes, peas, and wheat. Some plants have developed specific adaptations to promote self-pollination, while others may self-pollinate as a secondary strategy when cross-pollination is not successful.

Implications for Agriculture

In agriculture, self-pollination can be both beneficial and problematic. It can simplify the process of seed production for certain crops, but it can also lead to the accumulation of undesirable traits over time. Plant breeders often manage pollination methods to optimize yield and crop quality.