Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to men, women, both sexes, neither sex, or another sex. It also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Sexual orientation is considered to be one of the core aspects of self-identity. It is distinct from gender identity, which is one's personal sense of being male, female, or something else. The main sexual orientations are heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality. Some people may also identify with newer terms such as pansexuality, which refers to the potential for attractions or love toward people irrespective of their gender identity or sex.

Causes and Development

The scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice, but rather a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and genetic factors. Studies suggest that genetic factors play a significant role, but no single gene responsible for sexual orientation has been identified. Hormonal influences in the prenatal environment also appear to affect sexual orientation, though the mechanisms are not fully understood.

Social and Legal Issues

Sexual orientation is a significant aspect of a person's life that can affect their experiences and how they are perceived by society. Discrimination, prejudice, and violence against people based on their sexual orientation is a significant issue worldwide. Many countries have made progress in recognizing the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, including the legalization of same-sex marriage and adoption rights. However, challenges remain, including legal discrimination, social stigma, and the threat of violence in many parts of the world.

Health Disparities

Individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ face health disparities linked to societal stigma, discrimination, and denial of their civil and human rights. Depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide are more prevalent among people who identify as LGBTQ+ compared to their heterosexual peers. Access to health services can be limited for LGBTQ+ individuals due to a lack of providers who are knowledgeable and culturally competent in LGBTQ+ health needs.

Sexual Orientation and Society

The understanding and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations have evolved over time and vary significantly across cultures and historical periods. In many contemporary societies, there is greater recognition and respect for sexual diversity, although attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people can vary widely.

See Also

• LGBT rights by country or territory
• History of homosexuality
• Kinsey scale
• Queer theory