Sporadic hemiplegic migraine

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Sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) is a rare and severe form of migraine characterized by temporary hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) during the aura phase of the migraine attack. Unlike familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), SHM occurs in individuals without a family history of the disorder.

Symptoms

The symptoms of sporadic hemiplegic migraine are similar to those of familial hemiplegic migraine and include:

• Hemiplegia or unilateral weakness
• Severe headache
• Aura symptoms such as visual disturbances, sensory changes, and speech difficulties
• Nausea and vomiting
• Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
• Phonophobia (sensitivity to sound)

Causes

The exact cause of sporadic hemiplegic migraine is not well understood. However, it is believed to be related to genetic mutations similar to those found in familial hemiplegic migraine. Mutations in the CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A genes have been associated with hemiplegic migraines.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of sporadic hemiplegic migraine is primarily clinical and based on the patient's history and symptoms. Neuroimaging techniques such as MRI and CT scan may be used to rule out other conditions. Genetic testing can be performed to identify mutations associated with hemiplegic migraine.

Treatment

Treatment for sporadic hemiplegic migraine includes both acute and preventive measures. Acute treatments may involve the use of analgesics, antiemetics, and triptans. Preventive treatments may include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antiepileptic drugs.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with sporadic hemiplegic migraine varies. Some individuals may experience frequent and severe attacks, while others may have infrequent episodes. Long-term management and preventive treatment can help reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

See also

• Migraine
• Familial hemiplegic migraine
• Aura (symptom)
• CACNA1A
• ATP1A2
• SCN1A